Which of the following best describes confidentiality within scientific research?Question 2Answera.Subjects are told what the purposes of the study are, what participation in the study involves, what risks (if any) are involved in participating and what the person can expect to receive in return for participation.b.Subjects must be told the true purpose of the study and the reason for any deception that may have been part of the study.c.They are usually comprised of people who have research experience themselves and therefore have experience that enables them to judge whether the research being proposed follows reasonable ethical guidelines.d.Personal information will not be shared with anyone outside the immediate research group and any results from the research will not identify any of the participants by name.

In psychological research, the term confidentiality refers to which of the following conditions? A. A. The experimenter appears confident during the experimental situation. B. B. Participants have a right to expect that information they provide to researchers will not be revealed to others. C. C. The experiment will involve the participant confiding in the experimenter. D. D. The experimenter is confident that the hypothesis will be proved.

Which of the following is when researchers are ethically required to take steps to ensure that all information provided by participants in human development research will not be shared with anyone outside the immediate research group?Question 1Answera.Confidentialityb.Protection from physical and psychological harmc.Deception and debriefingd.Informed consent prior to participation

Question 1Additional protections researchers can include in their practice to protect subject privacy and data confidentiality include: Keeping the key linking names to responses in a secure location. Destroying all identifiers connected to the data. Reporting data in aggregate form in publications resulting from the research. Requiring all members of the research team to sign confidentiality agreements. All of the aboveQuestion 2In a longitudinal study that will follow children from kindergarten through high school and will collect information about illegal activities, which of the following confidentiality procedures would protect against compelled disclosure of individually identifiable information? Securing a Certificate of Confidentiality Using pseudonyms in research reports Waiving documentation of consent Using data encryption for stored filesQuestion 3When a focus group deals with a potentially sensitive topic, which of the following statements about providing confidentiality to focus group participants is correct? Using pseudonyms in reports removes the concern about any confidences shared in the group. If group participants sign confidentiality agreements, the researcher can guarantee confidentiality. The researcher cannot control what participants repeat about others outside the group. If group members know each other confidentiality is not an issue.Question 4Which of the following constitutes both a breach of confidentiality (the research data have been disclosed, counter to the agreement between researcher and subjects) and a violation of subjects’ privacy (the right of the individuals to be protected against intrusion into their personal lives or affairs)? A researcher asks cocaine users to provide names and contact information of other cocaine users who might qualify for a study. A faculty member makes identifiable data about sexual behavior available to graduate students, although the subjects were assured that the data would be de-identified. In order to eliminate the effect of observation on behavior, a researcher attends a support group and records interactions without informing the attendees. A researcher, who is a guest, audio-records conversations at a series of private dinner parties to assess gender roles, without informing participants.Question 5A researcher leaves a research file in her car while she attends a concert and her car is stolen. The file contains charts of aggregated numerical data from a research study with human subjects, but no other documents. The consent form said that no identifying information would be retained, and the researcher adhered to that component. Which of the following statements best characterizes what occurred? The subjects’ privacy has been violated. There was both a violation of privacy and a breach of confidentiality. Confidentiality of the data has been breached. There was neither a violation of privacy nor a breach of confidentiality.

Which of the following constitutes both a breach of confidentiality (the research data have been disclosed, counter to the agreement between researcher and subjects) and a violation of subjects’ privacy (the right of the individuals to be protected against intrusion into their personal lives or affairs)? A researcher, who is a guest, audio-records conversations at a series of private dinner parties to assess gender roles, without informing participants. In order to eliminate the effect of observation on behavior, a researcher attends a support group and records interactions without informing the attendees. A faculty member makes identifiable data about sexual behavior available to graduate students, although the subjects were assured that the data would be de-identified. A researcher asks cocaine users to provide names and contact information of other cocaine users who might qualify for a study.

Which of the following factors can prevent the sharing of research information?Group of answer choicesThe involvement of human participantsNational data protection rulesExport controlsAll of the above