Which of the following are differences between bacteria cells and human cells that allow antibiotics to target and kill bacteria while leaving human cells unharmed? Group of answer choicesCell wallRibosomesDNA gyraseRNA polymeraseAll of the above are antibiotic targets
Question
Which of the following are differences between bacteria cells and human cells that allow antibiotics to target and kill bacteria while leaving human cells unharmed? Group of answer choicesCell wallRibosomesDNA gyraseRNA polymeraseAll of the above are antibiotic targets
Solution
The differences between bacteria cells and human cells that allow antibiotics to target and kill bacteria while leaving human cells unharmed include:
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Cell Wall: Bacteria cells have a cell wall, while human cells do not. The cell wall is a protective layer outside the cell membrane that gives the cell its shape and rigidity. Some antibiotics, like penicillin, work by inhibiting the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall, causing the bacteria to burst and die.
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Ribosomes: Both bacteria and human cells have ribosomes, which are the sites of protein synthesis. However, bacterial ribosomes are different from those in human cells. Some antibiotics, like tetracyclines and macrolides, target bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting protein synthesis and thereby killing the bacteria.
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DNA Gyrase: This is an enzyme found in bacteria but not in humans. It is involved in the replication of DNA. Some antibiotics, like quinolones and fluoroquinolones, inhibit DNA gyrase, preventing the bacteria from replicating.
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RNA Polymerase: Both bacteria and human cells have RNA polymerase, which is involved in the transcription of DNA into RNA. However, bacterial RNA polymerase is different from that in human cells. Some antibiotics, like rifamycins, inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase, preventing the bacteria from making proteins.
So, the answer is "All of the above are antibiotic targets".
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An antimicrobial agent’s adverse effect on cells is known as its mode of action. Such antimicrobials exhibit a range of cellular targets, the selective being the most effective against the widest range of microbes and the selective agents exhibiting specificity in terms of cellular targets and microbial types they are effective against. Potential cellular targets of various physical and chemical forms of antimicrobials include the , whose synthesis can be blocked by these agents or whose structure can be altered as well. Another potential target is the , whose surface tension can be reduced by various microbicidal agents resulting in a loss of selective permeability in the cell. Physical and chemical agents can also interfere with synthesis through disruption of ribosome activity, protein function through the denaturation of a protein’s native state, and finally disrupting the synthesis or structure of
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