Modularity refers to the extent to which a complexvalue chain, including smart production facilities,upstream suppliers, and downstream distributors, canbe decomposed into separate activity sub-systems,also known as modules [67]. Product customization,servitization, and more equitable distribution of valueare among the fundamental objectives of Industry 5.0,and the modularity principle plays a crucial role inmaterializing these objectives [68]. Modularity pro-vides businesses the necessary physical and manage-rial flexibility to re-configure their value chain modulesinnovatively and creatively and develop new businessmodels and profit tools supporting Industry 5.0.Business model innovation, process flexibility, dynamicmaterial flow systems, product adaptation, and circu-larity are among the properties of a modular valuechain under Industry 5.0 [69].

What is the purpose of modularity in software design

One of the important principles for enabling scale with scope for start-ups (the case of iClean) is: Industry Modularity Specialization Focus

Question 5Which of the four aspects of modularity can be described as: Containment of constructs and concepts within a module.1 pointInformation HidingData EncapsulationCouplingCohesion

Sustainable value network reformationThe transition from neoliberal capitalism economic models towardstakeholder primacy under Industry 5.0 involves de-risking value net-works and building value chains that are more resilient, circular, andenvironmentally sustainable (Carraresi & Bröring, 2021). Sustainablevalue network reformation (SVR) entails developing digital supply net-works that are more modular, decentralized, and adaptive(Maddikunta et al., 2022). Under SVR, modularization involves addres-sing the ever-increasing complexity of contemporary supply chains bytransforming their linear designs into more circular and dynamicdesigns (Tseng et al., 2022). Modularization uses modern technologiesto digitalize supply chain notes (e.g., production facilities or distribu-tion channels) and transfer them into reconfigurable modules todevelop interconnected dynamic supply networks that create newbusiness models and profit tools (Ghobakhloo, Iranmanesh,et al., 2021). Decentralization allows value network modules to oper-ate autonomously and make decentralized decisions. The adaptabilityaspect of SVR entails leveraging modularity and decentralization capa-bilities to adjust the value network's design to ongoing or imminentstructural shifts in the markets (Toktas¸-Palut, 2022). SVR is indispens-able to Industry 5.0 objectives as its underlying mechanisms facilitatesupply chain agility, product adaptation, renewable integration, circu-lar production, and sustainable business models (Zhang, Wang,et al., 2021)

Why is modularity important in ODA?Question 53Select one:a.It increases system complexityb.It discourages innovationc.It allows for flexibility and scalabilityd.It limits interoperability