Polymers are key materials that can be used to mitigate societal challenges in the areas of transportation, construction, consumer plastics (e.g. packaging, shopping bags, and cutlery), architectural and industrial coatings, sustainable energy generation, clean water and defense and security. The continuously increasing demand for polymers driven by global population growth, and concerns associated with environmental pollution from solid polymers (e.g. consumer plastics), and the threat of global warming related to the production of polymer feedstock necessitates the development of sustainable and innovative strategies for the polymer industry [1], [2]. The use of biomass such as plant fibers, biopolymers produced from natural resources or microorganisms is being explored in numerous applications and across industries [3], [4], [5]. While there are some successes in some niche application markets, renewable polymers currently produced on a large scale often are costly and have inferior performance compared to their petroleum-derived counterparts. Among the natural materials, starch is one of the least expensive polysaccharides with a huge potential for solid plastic and other functional polymer applications. Starch, the focus of this work, is a polysaccharide synthesized by plants and found mainly in cereals, roots tubers, fruits and legumes in the range of 25–90% [6], [7]. It is a semi-crystalline polymer comprised of about 1,000–2,000,000 anhydroglucose units (AGU) linked by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds [8]. The AGU units in the starch chain have three reactive hydroxyl groups, in most cases one primary and two secondary hydroxyl groups making it amenable to various modification chemistries. Several review articles and books have been published on the physical properties, chemical structures, characteristics, and modification of starch [9], [10], [11]. Thus, this review will selectively focus on the recent progress in the application of starch as a feedstock for advanced and functional material applications. A starch granule is synthesized via the polymerization of glucose that is produced via photosynthesis of carbon dioxide in plants. It is mainly used as food and finds use in a variety of industrial applications [12]. The major industrial use of starch besides food is as a composition in adhesives and paper binders, textiles, chemical production, a feedstock for fermentation and other industrial products [13]. The interest in starch for use in advanced materials applications is accrued from its widespread geographic distribution from various plants, low cost and abundance. Starch as a macromolecule is also appealing because of its physical, chemical and functional properties such as ease of water dissolution, water retention properties, gelatinization, pasting behavior when subjected to elevated temperatures and ease of modification to optimize functional properties [14]. ترجمه کن

Polymer waste pollution has a profound effect on the environment and, consequently, on the lifestyle of hu-mankind. The massive production and disposal of cross-linked polymers clearly exemplify the challenges ofrecycling

essay on why using plastics to generate energy fits the green chemistry principles of constant monitoring of processes for pollution prevention and prevention of waste.Non-recycled waste goes to the landfill which increases pollution and waste on the earth. It produces harmful gases that destroy our ozone layer. As non-recycled waste increases the use of landfills will increase and therefore an increase in waste will bring increased destruction to our planet. When you don't recycled waste there is a loss of raw materials which can be very valuable and beneficial for the earth and to use for human practices in industries or anywhere where it can be the most useful. Landfills have been a growing issue for the environment for too long. For centuries rubbish has been piling up, releasing tonnes of carbon into the air. Sadly, waste that isn't recycled, incinerated or reused typically gets thrown into landfills and sometimes ends up on our beaches and in the oceans. As landfill sites are filled, some local species can be replaced by other animals that feed on refuse, like rats and crows. Leachate is the liquid produced in landfill sites. This can become toxic and thus contaminate nearby streams, ponds and lakes, damaging the habitat of many different organisms. Landfills are the ones that cause climate change, they can cause fire and explosions, they can contaminate soil and water, landfills alter the fauna, landfills reduce the value of surrounding areas, and accidents sometimes occur in landfill sites. This process requires energy as you are wasting the earth beneficial products by throwing heavy amounts of waste therefore if we recycle waste which will happen electically then it will not be time consuming, will beneficial for the earths atmosphere and we will get raw materials to use further in life and can help our planet. We can increase employment this way by recycling our waste. Waste products could be used in construction industry, 10% if the waste goes to landfills which gives us less use of landfills, no loss of raw materials, less waste, and there is the removal of CO2 emissions and toxic gases using fibres. Moreover, it saves energy while reducing the release of greenhouse gases to help tackle climate change. According to the Environmental Protection Act, if 35% of waste is recycled, landfill waste will decrease by 65%. Gases are produced in landfills due to the anaerobic digestion by microbes. In a properly managed landfill this gas is collected and used. Its uses range from simple flaring to the landfill gas utilization and generation of electricity. Landfill reuse allows a community that financially supports groundwater monitoring and landfill closure to get something in re-turn. Dozens of landfills have been successfully converted into parks, golf courses and nature preserves. For example, a closed landfill in Milwaukee is now a popular ski slope.

- Polymers are important materials used in various industries such as transportation, construction, consumer plastics, coatings, sustainable energy generation, clean water, and defense and security. - The increasing demand for polymers requires the development of sustainable and innovative strategies for the polymer industry. - The use of biomass, such as plant fibers and biopolymers produced from natural resources or microorganisms, is being explored in numerous applications and industries. - Starch is a cheap polysaccharide with great potential for solid plastic and other functional polymer applications. - Starch is synthesized by plants and is mainly found in cereals, root tubers, fruits, and legumes. - Starch is widely used in various industries such as food, adhesives, paper binders, textiles, chemical production, and feedstock for fermentation. - Starch has physical, chemical, and functional properties that make it appealing for advanced and functional material applications. - Modifications of starch can result in generating novel polymers with numerous functional and value-added properties that suit the needs of the industry. - Starch nanoparticles can be produced in smaller sizes and used to improve the functional properties of starch. - Plant biomass is considered the main source of renewable carbon raw materials, which is a viable alternative to crude oil and natural gas and provides compounds with a low carbon footprint. - The move of the polymer industry to renewable plant materials will contribute to solving global environmental problems and ensure the sustainability and environmental safety of plastics product . translate in persian

Comparing fossil feedstocks with biofeedstocks, and non-degradable with biodegradable polymers, discuss critically what the term "bioplastic" means and what is required in order to increase the sustainability of plastic use in the future.(max 200 words)

Oil and natural gas are the main raw materials which (can use) in the production of plastics.Plastics (will use) in the production of a wide range of household appliances.The car industry (may use) high-precision components in their vehicles.The majority of plastic parts (could not manufacture) using injection molding many years ago.Manufacturers (could not make) make plastics to a high standard of quality before they started to use oil.Soon plastics (will make) from any kind of plant material.