How have the IPv4 limitations been solved? (select all that apply)

To solve the limitations of IPv4, several approaches have been taken. Here are the steps that have been implemented:

1. Network Address Translation (NAT): NAT allows multiple devices to share a single public IP address. It translates private IP addresses used within a local network into a single public IP address when communicating with the internet. This helps conserve IPv4 addresses and allows for more devices to connect to the internet.

2. Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR): CIDR introduced a more efficient way of allocating IP addresses by allowing variable-length subnet masks. This means that IP address blocks can be divided into smaller subnets, allowing for more efficient use of available addresses.

3. IPv6 Transition: IPv6 was developed as a successor to IPv4, providing a much larger address space. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses compared to the 32-bit addresses used in IPv4. The transition to IPv6 involves gradually adopting IPv6 infrastructure and enabling dual-stack configurations to support both IPv4 and IPv6.

4. Address Exhaustion Mitigation: Various strategies have been implemented to mitigate the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses. These include address conservation techniques, such as reclaiming unused or reserved IP address blocks, implementing stricter allocation policies, and promoting the adoption of IPv6.

Overall, these steps have helped alleviate the limitations of IPv4 and ensure the continued growth and expansion of the internet.