According to data on HIV and AIDS in women and men,Group of answer choicesin some countries, more women than men are HIV positive.in the United States, approximately 45% of HIV-positive people are women.men are more likely than women to become HIV positive as a result of heterosexual intercourse with an infected person.the number of HIV-positive women in the United States has been systematically decreasing in the last decade.

Which of the following statements is most accurate about the medical aspects of AIDS?Group of answer choicesMost HIV-positive people realize that they are infected as soon as they have contracted the disease.Women who are HIV positive are more likely than other women to develop vaginal infections, as well as cancer of the cervix.Most health care providers are well informed about the gynecological symptoms related to AIDS in women.HIV-positive males are much more likely than HIV-positive females to have symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, and high fevers.

Black and Latina women face challenges in changing behavior with respect to HIV and AIDS transmission. The most important is the apparent perception by minority women that AIDS is a “gay white man’s problem.” From 1989-1995, AIDS cases among women are expected to increase 300 – 500%. Among women who contract AIDS through sexual activity, 77% are Black or Latina. Among intravenous (IV) drug users, the AIDS prevalence rate is nearly 50%. Among women in IV users with AIDS, 80% are Black or Latina. Yet when surveyed, minority women at all socioeconomic levels downplay the risk that AIDS poses. A survey of Black college student women revealed less than one-fourth insist that their partners use condoms.Low-income minority women who live outside the law, due to prostitution or drug use, have always lived with risk. They may not prioritize time and attention on the risk of AIDS due to other concerns such as protecting their children, securing financial resources, and simply acquiring basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter. Interviewees in temporary women’s housing express helplessness about changing their external circumstances, dooming outreach efforts based on proactive efforts made by these women.Ignoring relevant cultural contexts means that simplistic government messages (e.g., “Just say no”) often fail because they ignore the reality in which AIDS is spread. Among IV drug users, networks of surprisingly tight-knit communities exist in which users provide both emotional and tangible support for one another. Such communities have their own values, roles, and status markers. Outreach workers must recognize that needle sharing, while bad, is a form of social support (sharing) that exists in these social networks. When attempting to get women to insist their partners use condoms to reduce the sexual spread of HIV, outreach workers must recognize that in some minority communities, especially traditional Catholic Latino communities, women are not expected to take control of sexual situations and decisions. Simply walking into a store and purchasing condoms risks no small amount of social censure for being seen as a “loose” woman.Question 3A person who is well-known in his local subculture of IV drug users is highly regarded by his fellow addicts and receives support in the manner mentioned in the passage. This support is best described as: A.cultural capital.B.social capital.C.an instance of social reproduction.D.exchange mobility.

The following key population is at risk of attracting HIV excepta.d.Married couplesb.b.People who inject drugsc.a. Female Sex Workersd.c. Men who have sex with other men

The HIV test we consider is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, commonly known as an ELISA. ELISA’s true positive rate, also referred to as sensitively, is estimated as 𝑃(𝐸𝐿𝐼𝑆𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒|𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝐻𝐼𝑉 ) = 0.93. Its true negative rate, also referred to as specificity, is estimated as 𝑃(𝐸𝐿𝐼𝑆𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒|𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑛𝑜 𝐻𝐼𝑉 ) = 0.99. Also, the prevalence of HIV in the overall population, which is estimated to be 1.48 out of every 1000 American adults. i.e. 𝑃(𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝐻𝐼𝑉) = 0.00148. i. Compute the probability that someone has HIV if ELISA tests positive. ii. What is the probability that someone who tests positive does not have HIV? iii. What is the probability of being HIV positive if the second ELISA test comes back positive? iv. What is the probability that one has HIV after testing positive three times on the ELISA test? (Assume that all three ELISAs are independent)

HIV strains may differ by 10% within one person and by 35% in people around the globe. This is due toMultiple Choiceboth cellular and antibody-mediated responses.the fact that HIV inserts its genome into the host genome.HIV's high rate of mutation.the fact that HIV targets T cells.the fact that most people do not die from HIV infection.