Research suggests that identical twins have many similarities, such as body weights, even as adults. A sample of ten sets of identical twins were weighed and had their weights recorded in kilograms. The researcher wishes to test whether there is a statistically significant difference in adult weight between first-born and second-born identical twins.Source: M. J. Tramo, W. C. Lodtus, T. A. Stukel, R. L. Green, J. B. Weaver, and M. S. Gazzaniga. “Brain Size, Head Size, and Intelligence Quotient in Monozygotic Twins.” Neurology 50, 1246–52.Given the design of the study and the question of interest, which one of the following computer outputs is relevant to use?

Similar intelligence test scores for identical twins reared apart are taken as evidence for the:

Identical twins were separated at birth and brought together after 13 years. They varied in height by 5 centimeters and in weight by 10 kilograms. The most probable explanation for these differences is that (1) their environments affected the expression of their traits (2) their cells did not divide by mitotic cell division (3) they developed from two different zygotes (4) they differed in their genotypes

Some research suggests that first born children may have higher IQ scores than their later born siblings. Do first-born identical twins have higher IQ scores than their second-born sibling? Data from a 1998 study were analyzed to determine whether first-born identical twins have higher IQ scores than their second-born siblings. Ten pairs of adult identical twins were assessed and their Full Scale IQ scores were calculated.Source: M. J. Tramo, W. C. Lodtus, T. A. Stukel, R. L. Green, J. B. Weaver, and M. S. Gazzaniga. “Brain Size, Head Size, and Intelligence Quotient in Monozygotic Twins.” Neurology 50, 1246–52.The following hypotheses were tested:H0: μd = 0Ha: μd < 0The following is the (edited) output for the test:SampleNMeanStDevSE MeanFirst-born10112.914.74.65Second-born10108.711.33.57Difference104.113.44.2395% lower bound for mean difference: −4.36t-test of mean difference = 0 (vs. > 0): t-value = 0.97, p-value = 0.179Which of the following is an appropriate conclusion based on the output? The data provide sufficient evidence to reject H0and, thus, conclude that the mean Full Scale IQ score for first-born identical twins is higher than the mean Full Scale IQ score for second-born identical twins. The data do not provide sufficient evidence to reject H0. We therefore conclude that the mean Full Scale IQ score for first-born identical twins is higher than the mean Full Scale IQ score for second-born identical twins. The data provide sufficient evidence to reject H0. We therefore conclude the data do not provide evidence to conclude that the mean Full Scale IQ scores for first-born identical twins is higher than that of second-born identical twins. The data do not provide sufficient evidence to reject H0. In other words, based on the data we cannot conclude that the mean Full Scale IQ scores for first-born identical twins is higher than the mean Full Scale IQ score for second-born identical twins.

The genetic similarity of identical twins isMultiple Choice100%.50%.75%.somewhere between 50% and 100%.

The evidence for hereditary influences onintelligence comes mainly from studies ontwins and adopted children. Theintelligence of identical twins rearedtogether correlate almost 0.90. Twinsseparated early in childhood alsoshow considerable similarity in theirintellectual, personality and behaviouralcharacteristics. The intelligence of identicaltwins reared in different environmentscorrelate 0.72, those of fraternal twinsreared together correlate almost 0.60, andthose of brothers and sisters rearedtogether correlate about 0.50, whilesiblings reared apart correlate about 0.25.Another line of evidence comes from thestudies of adopted children, whichshow that children’s intelligence is more