1. A group of researchers has implemented a smoking prevention program in a group of adolescents to promote cognitive and behavioral impact on a healthy lifestyle. The independent variable of the study is:*1 pointA. Cognitive and behavioral influence after the programB. Group of adolescentsC. Healthy lifestyleD. Smoking prevention program2. True experimental researches generally have higher internal validity due to the fact that there are no threats related to temporal ambiguity. This is because experimental research design is inherently:*1 pointA. Highly controlledB. ManipulativeC. ProspectiveD. Retrospective3. Lack of randomizations in experiments often leads to *1 pointA. Higher generalizabilityB. Robust representativenessC. Stronger inferencesD. Weaker conclusions

Did I Get ThisResearchers from Dartmouth Medical School conducted a study in 2003 to look at the connection between watching actors smoking in movies and smoking initiation among adolescents. In the study, 6,522 U.S. adolescents ages 10-14 who had never tried smoking were randomly selected. Of those who subsequently tried smoking for the first time, 38% did so because of exposure to smoking in the movies.Estimate the proportion of all U.S. adolescents ages 10-14 who started smoking because of seeing actors smoke in movies by constructing a 95% confidence interval.Reset this ActivityDid I Get ThisHarris Interactive® conducted an online study from January 3 to 10, 2006 among a nationwide sample of 1,040 U.S. adults (ages 18 years and over), of whom 565 currently use organic foods in preparing meals. Figures for age by gender, race/ethnicity, education, region, and household income were weighted to reflect the total U.S. adult population. Propensity score weighting was used to adjust for respondents' propensity to be online. Construct a 99% confidence interval for the proportion of all U.S. adults who use organic foods in preparing meals.Reset this ActivityDid I Get ThisBased on the answer to the previous question, what is the margin of error of the confidence interval for the number of U.S. adults who use organic foods in preparing meals?0.010.040.080.543

A researcher is wondering whether the smoking habits of young adults (18-25 years of age) in a certaincity in the U.S. are the same as the proportion of the general population of young adults in the U.S. Arecent study stated that the proportion of young adults who reported smoking at least twice a week ormore in the last month was 0.16. The researcher collected data from a random sample of 75 adults in thecity of interest. State the hypotheses to be tested for this study

Identify the example of when situation and time are key to assessing risk of harm in a research study: Research on the prevalence of retired individuals who have been harassed in different academic disciplines A study asking women if they have completed an advanced degree and what city they were born in A survey with educators on their experience about implementation of a novel preschool program A study on the efficacy of a behavioral intervention for smoking cessation that involves both adults and teenagers (who are underage to purchase tobacco) in the United States

Outline three reasons why smoking is targeted by health promotion programs.

A government health official is interested in whether there has been a statistically significant decrease in teen smoking rates. In 2013, 8.4 percent of 12th graders had used tobacco in the past 30 days. With this data, we test the following hypotheses at the 5% significance level.The health official surveys 200 randomly selected 12th graders and finds that 14 of them have used tobacco in the past 30 days.H0: The percentage of 12th graders who have smoked in the past 30 days is equal to 8.4%.Ha: The percentage of 12th graders who have smoked in the past 30 days is greater than 8.4%.The p-value is 0.09. Which conclusion is correct? Reject H0. Accept H0. Fail to reject H0.