provide examples in arabic and english of translation strategies of vanay and darbelnet

Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet's translation strategies are a set of seven procedures that can be used to translate a text from one language to another. Here are examples of these strategies in both English and Arabic:

1. Borrowing: This is when a word or phrase is directly taken from one language and used in another. English example: The word "café" is borrowed from French. Arabic example: The word "فيلم" (film) is borrowed from English.

2. Calque: This is a word-for-word or literal translation of each element of a phrase. English example: "Skyscraper" is a calque of the French "gratte-ciel". Arabic example: "بناية شاهقة" is a calque of the English "skyscraper".

3. Literal Translation: This is a direct translation of the source text without any changes. English example: "I am happy" can be literally translated to French as "Je suis heureux". Arabic example: "أنا سعيد" is a literal translation of the English "I am happy".

4. Transposition: This involves changing the grammatical category of a word without altering its meaning. English example: "I gave him a book" can be transposed to "A book was given to him by me". Arabic example: "أعطيته كتابا" can be transposed to "كتاب أعطيت إليه من قبلي".

5. Modulation: This involves changing the point of view or cognitive category in relation to the source text. English example: "It's not hard to do" can be modulated to "It's easy to do". Arabic example: "ليس من الصعب القيام به" can be modulated to "من السهل القيام به".

6. Equivalence: This involves using an idiom or fixed expression that has the same meaning in the target language. English example: "It's raining cats and dogs" can be translated to French as "Il pleut des cordes" (It's raining ropes). Arabic example: "يمطر بغزارة" is an equivalence of the English "It's raining cats and dogs".

7. Adaptation: This involves changing the cultural reference when a situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture. English example: "He hit a home run" can be adapted to British English as "He scored a goal". Arabic example: "سجل هدفا" is an adaptation of the American English "He hit a home run".

Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet's translation strategies are a set of procedures for the translation of texts. They proposed seven procedures which are:

1. Borrowing: This is a direct transfer of words from the source language to the target language. English example: The word "rendezvous" is borrowed from French. Arabic example: The word "فوتوشوب" is borrowed from the English word "Photoshop".

2. Calque: This is a literal translation of an expression or phrase. English example: "Skyscraper" is a calque of the French term "gratte-ciel". Arabic example: "برج الخدمة" is a calque of the English term "service tower".

3. Literal Translation: This is a word-for-word translation. English example: "I see" translated to French would be "Je vois". Arabic example: "أنا أرى" is a literal translation of the English phrase "I see".

4. Transposition: This involves changing the grammatical category without changing the meaning. English example: "I am happy" can be transposed to "Happiness is mine". Arabic example: "أنا سعيد" can be transposed to "السعادة لي".

5. Modulation: This involves changing the point of view or cognitive category in the target language. English example: "It's not bad" can be modulated to "It's quite good". Arabic example: "ليس سيئا" can be modulated to "إنه جيد جدا".

6. Equivalence: This involves using an idiom or fixed expression that has the same meaning and effect. English example: "Kick the bucket" is an equivalent of "Die". Arabic example: "أطلق العنان" is an equivalent of "Let go" or "Unleash".

7. Adaptation: This involves changing the cultural reference when a situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture. English example: "He hit a home run" might be adapted in British English to "He scored a goal". Arabic example: "ضرب هوم رن" might be adapted in Arabic to "سجل هدفا".