A transaction will end at the advent of the follow. (Choose only those that apply) A. A user exits the SQL developer environment B. A switch of user to another user on the same SQL Plus environment C. A REVOKE operation. D. A user exits a SQL plus environment

Transaction States and Additional OperationsA transaction is an atomic unit of work that should either be completed in itsentirety or not done at all. For recovery purposes, the system needs to keep track ofwhen each transaction starts, terminates, and commits or aborts (see Section21.2.3). Therefore, the recovery manager of the DBMS needs to keep track of thefollowing operations:■ BEGIN_TRANSACTION. This marks the beginning of transaction execution.■ READ or WRITE. These specify read or write operations on the databaseitems that are executed as part of a transaction.■ END_TRANSACTION. This specifies that READ and WRITE transaction oper-ations have ended and marks the end of transaction execution. However, atthis point it may be necessary to check whether the changes introduced by752 Chapter 21 Introduction to Transaction Processing Concepts and TheoryActiveBegintransactionEndtransaction CommitAbortAbortRead, WritePartially committedFailed TerminatedCommittedFigure 21.4State transition diagram illustrating the states fortransaction execution.the transaction can be permanently applied to the database (committed) orwhether the transaction has to be aborted because it violates serializability(see Section 21.5) or for some other reason.■ COMMIT_TRANSACTION. This signals a successful end of the transaction sothat any changes (updates) executed by the transaction can be safelycommitted to the database and will not be undone.■ ROLLBACK (or ABORT). This signals that the transaction has ended unsuc-cessfully, so that any changes or effects that the transaction may have appliedto the database must be undone.Figure 21.4 shows a state transition diagram that illustrates how a transaction movesthrough its execution states. A transaction goes into an active state immediately afterit starts execution, where it can execute its READ and WRITE operations. When thetransaction ends, it moves to the partially committed state. At this point, somerecovery protocols need to ensure that a system failure will not result in an inabilityto record the changes of the transaction permanently (usually by recording changesin the system log, discussed in the next section).5 Once this check is successful, thetransaction is said to have reached its commit point and enters the committed state.Commit points are discussed in more detail in Section 21.2.3. When a transaction iscommitted, it has concluded its execution successfully and all its changes must berecorded permanently in the database, even if a system failure occurs.However, a transaction can go to the failed state if one of the checks fails or if thetransaction is aborted during its active state. The transaction may then have to berolled back to undo the effect of its WRITE operations on the database. Theterminated state corresponds to the transaction leaving the system. The transactioninformation that is maintained in system tables while the transaction has been run-ning is removed when the transaction terminates. Failed or aborted transactionsmay be restarted later—either automatically or after being resubmitted by theuser—as brand new transactions.5Optimistic concurrency control (see Section 22.4) also requires that certain checks are made at this

4. Explain the role of transactions in database operations. How can you use the COMMIT and ROLLBACK statements to manage transactions effectively?

Which of the following makes the transaction permanent in the database? Rollback View Commit Flashback

You are developing an application that helps users transfer money from one bank account to another. In tests, the source account is debited, but the target account is not credited. Which of the following SQL commands undoes all the changes made during the transfer to leave the database in a stable state?1 pointROLLBACKCOMMITBEGINDROP

Explain the following in your own words:1) System Log2) Transaction support in SQL