Database Management SystemsUNIT-ITwo marks questions:1. What is database? Define DBMS2. What do you mean by defining, constructing, manipulating and sharing adatabase?3. Define data abstraction. Give any two levels of abstraction4. Define query and transaction5. List the phases of database application6. List the characteristics of Database approach7. Give the disadvantages of file processing system.8. Define Metadata. Give an example9. What do you mean by program data independence and program-operationindependence?10.Define Data Model. Give the categories of data model11.Mention the following12.actors on the scene13.workers behind the scene14.What is redundancy? Which problems may arise while storing redundant data?15.List the limitations/disadvantages of DBMS16. Who is a DBA? What are the responsibilities of a DBA?17.Who are database designers? What are their responsibilities?18.What is the responsibility of backup and recovery subsystem?19.What are the advantages of using a DBMS?20.What does the isolation and atomicity property ensure?21.Define Entity, Attribute and relationship22.What is database schema, Schema diagram?23.What do you mean by database state? When do you say the database state is valid?24.Define the terms Internal, external and conceptual schema (any two)25.What do you mean by Logical Data Independence?26.What do you mean by physical data Independence?27.What is the purpose of storage manager?28.List the functions of runtime database processor29.Discuss about Data Definition language?30.Discuss about Data Definition language?31.List the functions of Database System Utilities32.Define a) meta-data b) data dictionary33.List various types of attributes?34.Explain data model and list the types of data model used?35.Define Single-Valued versus Multivalued Attributes, give example36.Define Stored versus Derived Attributes, give example37.Define Composite versus Simple (Atomic) Attributes, give example38.Composite versus Simple (Atomic) Attributes39.Define the terms i) Entity set ii) Relationship set40.Define the terms i) Key attribute ii) Value set(Domain)41.What do you mean by relationship type and relationship instances?42.Define “degree of relationship type”43.What do you mean by role names in the relationship? Give example44.What does the cardinality ratio specify? Which are the possible cardinality ratiosfor binary relationship types45.Define the terms i) Total participation ii) Partial Participation46.Define weak and strong entity types?47.What is partial key? Give example48.Who is Database Administrator?49.Definition of system designer, tool developer, operator & maintenance personnel.50.What is meant by restricting unauthorized access?51.What is deductive database system?52.Why storage definition language (SDL) is used?53.Why interfaces for DBA are used?3 OR MORE MARKS1. What are the characteristics of DBMS? Explain2. Explain the different categories of End Users in DBMS?3. Write a short note on4. DBA ii. Database Designers5. Explain the different categories of workers those are associated with the design,development and operation of the DBMS6. Explain any four advantages of DBMS7. Explain the different categories of data models8. Explain three schema architecture of database with a neat diagram9. What is data Independence? Explain their types10.What are the different database languages? Explain with example

1. What is database? Define DBMS

A database is a collection of organized and structured data that is stored and accessed electronically. It is designed to efficiently manage and manipulate large amounts of data.

DBMS (Database Management System) is a software system that provides an interface for users to interact with the database. It allows users to define, create, manipulate, and share the database. DBMS ensures data integrity, security, and efficient data retrieval.

2. What do you mean by defining, constructing, manipulating, and sharing a database?

Defining a database involves specifying the structure, organization, and relationships between data elements. It includes defining tables, attributes, and constraints.

Constructing a database involves creating the physical storage structures and implementing the defined database structure. This includes creating tables, indexes, and other necessary components.

Manipulating a database involves performing operations such as inserting, updating, deleting, and retrieving data from the database. It allows users to modify and query the data stored in the database.

Sharing a database involves allowing multiple users or applications to access and use the database concurrently. It ensures that data is accessible to authorized users and provides mechanisms for data sharing and collaboration.

3. Define data abstraction. Give any two levels of abstraction

Data abstraction refers to the process of hiding the complex details of data storage and providing a simplified view of the data to the users. It allows users to interact with the database without needing to understand the underlying implementation details.

Two levels of abstraction in a database are:

• Physical level: This level deals with the physical storage and organization of data on the storage media. It includes details such as file structures, indexing techniques, and access methods.

• Logical level: This level describes the logical structure of the database and how the data is organized and related. It includes concepts such as tables, relationships, and constraints.

4. Define query and transaction

• Query: A query is a request for information from a database. It is used to retrieve specific data that meets certain criteria. Queries can be simple or complex, and they can involve one or multiple tables.

• Transaction: A transaction is a logical unit of work performed on a database. It represents a sequence of database operations that must be executed as a single, indivisible unit. Transactions ensure data consistency and integrity by either committing all changes or rolling back if an error occurs.

5. List the phases of the database application

The phases of a database application typically include:

• Requirement analysis: Identifying the needs and requirements of the users and defining the scope of the application.

• Database design: Designing the structure and organization of the database, including tables, relationships, and constraints.

• Implementation: Creating the database schema, loading initial data, and implementing the application logic.

• Testing and debugging: Verifying the correctness and performance of the application through testing and fixing any issues or bugs.

• Deployment: Installing the application and database on the production environment.

• Maintenance and evolution: Monitoring and maintaining the application, handling updates and modifications, and addressing user feedback.

6. List the characteristics of the Database approach

The characteristics of the Database approach are:

• Data integration: The database approach allows for the integration of data from multiple sources into a single, unified view. This eliminates data redundancy and inconsistency.

• Data sharing: Databases enable multiple users or applications to access and share data concurrently. This promotes collaboration and avoids data duplication.

• Data independence: The database approach separates the logical view of data from its physical storage. This provides data independence, allowing changes in the physical storage without affecting the logical structure.

• Data security: Databases provide mechanisms for controlling access to data and ensuring data security. This includes user authentication, authorization, and encryption.

• Data integrity: Databases enforce data integrity constraints to maintain the accuracy and consistency of data. This includes enforcing primary key constraints, referential integrity, and other business rules.

• Data consistency: Databases ensure that data remains consistent and coherent by enforcing transactional properties such as atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability (ACID).

• Data scalability: Databases can handle large amounts of data and support scalability by allowing the addition of more resources or distributed processing.

7. Give the disadvantages of file processing system.

The disadvantages of a file processing system are:

• Data redundancy: File processing systems often lead to data redundancy, where the same data is stored in multiple files. This can result in data inconsistency and increased storage requirements.

• Data inconsistency: Without proper control mechanisms, file processing systems can lead to data inconsistency, where different copies of the same data may have different values.

• Data isolation: In a file processing system, data is often isolated and scattered across multiple files. This makes it difficult to access and retrieve related data efficiently.

• Data dependence: File processing systems have a high degree of data dependence, meaning that changes in the structure or format of data require modifying all programs that access that data.

• Lack of data security: File processing systems often lack proper mechanisms for data security, such as user authentication and access control. This can lead to unauthorized access and data breaches.

• Lack of data integrity: File processing systems do not enforce data integrity constraints, such as referential integrity or uniqueness constraints. This can result in data inconsistencies and errors.

• Lack of data sharing and concurrency control: File processing systems do not provide mechanisms for concurrent access and sharing of data among multiple users or applications. This can lead to data conflicts and inconsistencies.

8. Define Metadata. Give an example

Metadata refers to the data about the data in a database. It provides information about the structure, organization, and characteristics of the data stored in the database.

Example: In a database, the metadata may include information such as the names and types of tables, the attributes and their data types, the relationships between tables, and the constraints defined on the data. It also includes information about indexes, views, and other database objects.