Explain the following concepts! (9 points)a) Type declaration file (in TypeScript)b) Transpilerc) Static typing

a) Type Declaration File (in TypeScript): In TypeScript, a type declaration file is a file that allows you to define types of a library or module not written in TypeScript. These files have a .d.ts extension and they contain type information about a module such as classes, interfaces, functions, and variables. This helps TypeScript developers to use JavaScript libraries and modules more easily and with type safety.

b) Transpiler: A transpiler, or source-to-source compiler, is a type of compiler that takes the source code of a program written in one programming language as its input and produces the equivalent source code in another programming language. A popular example of a transpiler is the TypeScript compiler, which converts TypeScript code (a superset of JavaScript) into plain JavaScript code.

c) Static Typing: Static typing is a feature of a programming language where the type of a variable is known at compile time. This means that you declare the type of a variable when you declare the variable itself. Languages like C, C++, Java, and TypeScript are statically typed. This can help catch type errors at compile time, before the code is run, which can make the code more robust and easier to debug.