What is meant by member access modifiers? Explain with example.

Member access modifiers in object-oriented programming languages like Java, C++, and C# determine the visibility and accessibility of a class, method, or attribute. They set the boundaries for the scope of a method or attribute, which can be within the same class, within the same package, or anywhere in the program.

There are typically four types of access modifiers:

1. Private: The methods or data members declared as private are accessible only within the class in which they are declared. Any other class of the same package will not be able to access these members.

Example in Java:

public class MyClass {
   private int myVariable; // Only accessible within MyClass
}

2. Default (No modifier): When no access modifier is specified for a class, method, or data member, it is said to have package-level visibility. This means it is only accessible within its own package.

Example in Java:

class MyClass {
   int myVariable; // Accessible within the same package
}

3. Protected: The methods or data members declared as protected are accessible within the same package or through a subclass in a different package.

Example in Java:

public class MyClass {
   protected int myVariable; // Accessible within the same package and in subclasses
}

4. Public: The methods or data members declared as public are accessible from any class in the program. There is no restriction on the scope of a public data member.

Example in Java:

public class MyClass {
   public int myVariable; // Accessible from any class
}

These access modifiers help in encapsulation of the data which is one of the four fundamental OOP concepts. The other three being inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction.