CBT• CBT roots in Behavioral therapies, Beck’s CT, and Ellis’s REBT• Behavioral therapies challenge psychoanalysis, view mental health issues aslearned responses• First wave of CBT (1950s-1970s) focused on thoughts, behaviors, feelings• Second wave (1970s-2000s) saw development of disorder-specific models• Third wave (2000s onwards) emphasizes underlying processes, less on thoughtchallenging• CBT sessions can be individual, group, or online, lasting 30-60 minutes• Basic principles: 'here and now', concrete examples, socratic questioning,empirical approach• Elements of CBT: active, collaborative, structured, problem-oriented, solution-focused, motivational, directive• - Active involvement of the client in therapy• - Collaborative approach between therapist and client• - Structured sessions with clear beginning, middle, and end• - Focus on problem-solving and solution generation• - Motivational support for behavioral and thinking change• - Directive treatment plan for change• - Time-limited perspective on therapy19• - Importance of therapeutic relationship and psychoeducation• - Empowering the client to be their own CBT therapistStrengths of CBT• Research has found that CBT is very effective for treating depression and anxietydisorders• especially (Hollon & Beck, 1994, Beck,1993)• Short-term• No-side effects• Structured, and well-researchedLimitations of CBT• Motivation is a huge factor, as client must want to help themselves.• Not a quick fix, and takes time.• Based on western/individualistic values.• Individual experiences are seen as sum of their parts, rather than as a whole.Simplifying what is more nuanced• - Self-discovered insights have a stronger emotional impact.• - Socratic questions aid in memory clarification, translation, interpretation,application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.• - Therapeutic alliance is crucial in CBT, emphasizing collaboration and empathy.• - Psychoeducation involves discussing mental health issues clearly and accurately.• - Psychoeducation is an ongoing process in therapy, normalizing experiences.• - Graded exposure: Assess and expose fears gradually.• - Activity Scheduling: Re-engage individuals in daily routines.• - Identifying cognitive biases: Recognize and challenge unhelpful thinking patterns.• - Thought challenging: Focus on realistic thinking, not just positive thinking