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Define poultry disease with references

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Define poultry disease with references

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Poultry diseases are illnesses that afflict birds commonly categorized as poultry. This includes chickens, ducks, turkeys, and geese, which are often raised for their meat and eggs. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites.

  1. Bacterial Diseases: These are caused by harmful bacteria. Examples include Fowl Cholera and Avian Tuberculosis. Fowl Cholera is a highly contagious disease caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida. It can result in high mortality rates in a flock (Blackall PJ, et al., 2005).

  2. Viral Diseases: These are caused by viruses. Examples include Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease. Avian Influenza, also known as bird flu, is caused by the H5N1 virus and can be deadly to poultry (Swayne DE, 2012).

  3. Parasitic Diseases: These are caused by parasites. Examples include Coccidiosis and Lice and Mites. Coccidiosis is caused by a parasite that damages the bird's intestines, leading to poor growth and feed conversion (Williams RB, 2005).

References:

  • Blackall PJ, Christensen H, Beckenham T, Blackall LL, Bisgaard M. Reclassification of Pasteurella gallinarum, [Haemophilus] paragallinarum, Pasteurella avium and Pasteurella volantium as Avibacterium gallinarum gen. nov., comb. nov., Avibacterium paragallinarum comb. nov., Avibacterium avium comb. nov. and Avibacterium volantium comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2005;55(Pt 1):353-362.
  • Swayne DE. Impact of vaccines and vaccination on global control of avian influenza. Avian Dis. 2012;56(4 Suppl):818-828.
  • Williams RB. Intercurrent coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis of chickens: rational, integrated disease management by maintenance of gut integrity. Avian Pathol. 2005;34(3):159-180.

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Text 1In recent years, the avian flu has posed a significant risk to poultry. The avian flu replicates itself using a protein in chicken cells, ANP32A, and spreads rapidly from bird to bird. In a recent study, researchers altered ANP32A in chickens to stop the virus and protein from interacting. After exposing chickens to the bird flu, researchers found that the gene-edited chickens had lower rates of infection and seemed less contagious than standard chickens, meaning gene editing could make poultry more resilient to the virus. Text 2Alison Van Eenennaam, an animal geneticist at UC-Davis, has suggested that editing the protein ANP32A in chicken cells may not be sufficient to protect poultry from the avian flu. Eenennaam noted that in a recent study she was uninvolved with, the virus for the avian flu adapted to use two related proteins, ANP32B and ANP32E, to replicate itself. This indicates that further research on gene editing in chickens is needed. Based on the two texts, what would the author of Text 2 most likely say about Text 1’s characterization of the results of the study on gene editing in chickens?It is too cautious given the promising results of the study.eliminateIt is fair since the study’s results have not been replicated yet.eliminateIt is accurate since the study proved gene editing protects chickens from the avian flu.eliminateIt is preemptive since studies have also shown that the avian flu adapted to the altered genes.

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