Becoming an astronaut is neither simple nor straightforward; there are no schools for astronauts or university courses. So how do you become an astronaut and what qualifications and (0) qualities do you need?Space agencies are looking for the best people possible. Training an astronaut is a (1) Answer 1 Question 1 investment for any agency; training is lengthy and expensive, and the support needed both before and during a space mission is costly.It takes years to organise a space mission and (2) Answer 2 Question 1 hundreds of people are involved in preparing the astronauts and the spacecraft. Astronauts are pivotal to the success of a mission but flight opportunities are (3) Answer 3 Question 1, so space agencies want to be sure that the astronaut selected will make the (4) Answer 4 Question 1 possible use of the precious time they will spend in space.What qualities do you need?Astronauts need to be able to apply their considerable knowledge and skills to the tasks for which they have been trained; be able to bear tremendous (5) Answer 5 Question 1 while in orbit; and be determined to succeed. This is what makes them special.A high level of education in scientific or technical disciplines, (6) Answer 6 Question 1 with an outstanding professional background in research, application or education fields possibly (7) Answer 7 Question 1 by the use of computer systems and applications, is essential. Previous experience with aircraft operations is a bonus, particularly if it (8) Answer 8 Question 1 responsible tasks such as being a test pilot or flight engineer. The more skills and experience an applicant has the (9) Answer 9 Question 1, as this will increase their ability to (10) Answer 10 Question 1 a variety of tasks.Equally essential is excellent physical condition. Astronauts have to (11) Answer 11 Question 1 intensive periods of training and may (12) Answer 12 Question 1 in spaceflights that last for months. During this time their body will be subject to a great deal of stress and good health and physical endurance are essential.

Which supporting detail BEST shows that it is not easy to become an astronaut? A. Jemison’s first position was at the Kennedy Space Center. B. Science mission specialists conduct experiments aboard space shuttles. C. In 1986, Sally Ride became the first American woman in space. D. Only fifteen applicants out of 2000 were chosen for the astronaut program in 1987.

Read the words. Then decide which words match with the sentences.Perseverence: It takes patience and perseverance to achieve your goals.  blankAspiring: Aspiring astronauts can experience zero gravity in Space Camp. blankFundamental: You might aspire to be an astronaut if you have the right educational fundamental  blankInstruments: Astronauts usually have a instruments in math and science subjects.  blankTRUE FALSE

Then decide which words match with the sentences.Perseverence: It takes patience and perseverance to achieve your goals.  blankAspiring: Aspiring astronauts can experience zero gravity in Space Camp. blankFundamental: You might aspire to be an astronaut if you have the right educational fundamental  blankInstruments: Astronauts usually have a instruments in math and science subjects.  blankTRUE FALSE

o have a significant impact on the outcome of long-duration missions in space. This impact may range from individual decrements in performance, health and well being, to catastrophic mission failure. This paper reviews our current understanding of the psychosocial issues related to long duration space missions according to three different domains of behavior: the individual domain, the interpersonal domain and the organizational domain. Individual issues include: personality characteristics that predict successful performance, stress due to isolation and confinement and its effect on emotions and cognitive performance, adaptive and maladaptive coping styles and strategies, and requirements for the psychological support of astronauts and their families during the mission. Interpersonal issues include: impact of crew diversity and leadership styles on small group dynamics, adaptive and maladaptive features of ground-crew interactions, and processes of crew cohesion, tension and conflict. Organizational issues include: the influence of organizational culture and mission duration on individual and group performance, and managerial requirements for long duration missions. Improved screening and selection of astronaut candidates, leadership, coping and interp ersonal skills training of personnel, and organizational change are key elements in the prevention of performance decrements on long-duration missions. ____________________________________________________ Apart from the medical and psychological screening conducted on astronaut candidates, psychosocial issues have traditionally received very little attention in NASA’s manned-space program. Reasons include the perspective of an institution dominated largely by engineers that psychology and psychiatry are “soft” (Harrison, 1986) a belief in “the right stuff” of astronauts (Santy, 1994), and the relatively short duration of past space flights where the occurrence and severity of psychosocial problems are viewed as minimal at best (Helmreich, 1983). Nevertheless, there has been an increased awareness in recent years that psychosocial issues are equally, if not more, important to the success of long-term missions in space than other dynamics related to crew health and safety. This recognition has occurred in response to anecdotal evidence of the individual and interpersonal problems that occurred during the Shuttle-Mir Space Program (SMSP) (Burrough, 1998; Linenger, 2000) and other long-duration Russian/Soviet missions (Lebedev, 1988; Oberg, 1981), and studies of personnel in similar Correspondence to: Lawrence A. Palinkas: e-mail: lpalinkas@ ucsd.edu; Fax: 619-543-5996 isolated and confined extreme (ICE) environments (Gunderson, 1974; Sandal et al., 1995). Accounts of prolonged depression, social withdrawal upon news of the death of a loved one, interpersonal tension and hostility, poor leadership, miscommunication, and human error have precipitated a re-examination of the ability of astronauts posses

Propose reasons why NASA would want to send astronauts to Mars rather than the other planets. Use the knowledge you have just learnt and the data in the table to support your response.