the negative effects on a baby if the mother smokes or drinks alcohol during gestation.

Smoking and drinking alcohol during pregnancy can have several negative effects on the baby. Here are some of them:

1. Low Birth Weight: Babies born to mothers who smoke are often born with a lower birth weight. This can lead to a host of health problems, including difficulties during childbirth and an increased risk of illness in later life.

2. Premature Birth: Smoking increases the risk of premature birth. Premature babies often have complex medical problems, many of which persist throughout life.

3. Birth Defects: Smoking can cause birth defects like cleft lip or cleft palate. Alcohol consumption can lead to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, which can cause deformities and mental retardation.

4. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS): Babies born to mothers who smoked during pregnancy have a higher risk of SIDS.

5. Developmental Issues: Children exposed to alcohol in the womb can develop a range of behavioral, learning, and other developmental problems. These issues can persist well into adulthood.

6. Respiratory Problems: Babies born to mothers who smoked during pregnancy are more likely to have asthma and other respiratory diseases.

7. Neurological Problems: Alcohol can interfere with the normal development of the baby's brain, leading to long-term learning and behavioral problems.

8. Heart Defects: Smoking during pregnancy can increase the risk of the baby being born with certain heart defects.

9. Miscarriage and Stillbirth: Both smoking and drinking increase the risk of miscarriage and stillbirth.

10. Addiction: There's also a risk that the baby could be born addicted to nicotine or alcohol and could suffer from withdrawal symptoms after birth.

It's important to note that these risks increase with the amount of smoking and drinking done during pregnancy. Even small amounts can be harmful, so it's best to avoid both entirely while pregnant.