As the century developed the ‘‘societies’’ to which social thinkers turned theirattention appeared increasingly complex and so crosscut by inner conflict that apressing question became how these kinds of societies could hang together. Anelement in the equation was the institutional one that drew attention to the properorganization of industrial capitalism on the one hand, and to the modern state on theother. This was the essentially conservative question of social integration. A secondwas what today we might call ‘‘the social movement question.’’ After all, the longcentury began and ended with revolutions and was much taken up by them through-out, notably in 1830, 1848, and 1870. Moreover, as we have already noted, peoplewere on the move, especially when large urban centers became the major gravitationalpull in Europe and the United States. While this represented a threat to ‘‘socialintegration’’ for some, for others it represented a catalytic possibility. The questionbecame how such a potential force could be harnessed to greatest effect.
Question
As the century developed the ‘‘societies’’ to which social thinkers turned theirattention appeared increasingly complex and so crosscut by inner conflict that apressing question became how these kinds of societies could hang together. Anelement in the equation was the institutional one that drew attention to the properorganization of industrial capitalism on the one hand, and to the modern state on theother. This was the essentially conservative question of social integration. A secondwas what today we might call ‘‘the social movement question.’’ After all, the longcentury began and ended with revolutions and was much taken up by them through-out, notably in 1830, 1848, and 1870. Moreover, as we have already noted, peoplewere on the move, especially when large urban centers became the major gravitationalpull in Europe and the United States. While this represented a threat to ‘‘socialintegration’’ for some, for others it represented a catalytic possibility. The questionbecame how such a potential force could be harnessed to greatest effect.
Solution
The text you provided discusses the complexities of societies as they developed over the century, focusing on two main questions. The first is the question of social integration, which is concerned with how industrial capitalism and the modern state can be properly organized to maintain societal cohesion. This is seen as a conservative question as it seeks to preserve the existing social order.
The second question is what is referred to as "the social movement question". This question arises from the numerous revolutions that occurred throughout the century, as well as the mass migration of people to large urban centers in Europe and the United States. This movement of people is seen as a potential force that could either disrupt social integration or be harnessed for positive change.
The text does not provide a clear answer to these questions, but rather presents them as ongoing issues that need to be addressed in the study and understanding of societal development.
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