Who is considered the founder of Taoism?

Passage 3 (Questions 11 - 15)While the central otherworldly concerns of the Taoist religion have led some commentators to assert that Taoism is a "religion without religious texts," nothing could be further from the truth. The key texts of Taoism may lack the same coherence and historicity of the Talmud or the Qur’an, but there are nonetheless various works that have profound influence, and no small authority among nearly all Taoist sects.It goes without saying that the Tao Te Ching is the central work of all Taoist religion. Despite two and a half millennia of debate over its origins, authorship, and date of origin, it remains the foundational work of Taoist philosophy and a central component of Taoist ritual. So important is this work that even commentaries on it (themselves many hundreds of years old) have become important religious texts themselves.If the Tao Te Ching lays down the foundational ideas of Tao and Te themselves, the practical application of these ideas in life is more fully explored in the Zhuangzi and the I Ching. The Zhuangzi, much like the Tao Te Ching, has an ancient origin (ca. 400 AD) shrouded in no small amount of legend. Supposedly written partly by Zhuangzi himself and later expanded by his disciples, the work eschews the abstract poetry of the Tao Te Ching. Instead, it uses more down-to-earth parables and short dialogues to help readers bring their lives into alignment with the concept of tzu-jan, or naturalness, in their daily lives. It also encourages following the Tao of the elements.Unlike the Zhuangzi, or any other Taoist text, the I Ching predates the Tao Te Ching by centuries. The system of fortune-telling described in the I Ching dates to somewhere in the 12th century BCE. The I Ching is meant to guide practitioners in choosing the right action based on some understanding of the current situation and the future. Early in Taoist development, Taoist scholars adopted the I Ching as their own and advocated it as a central text through which one could meditate on the right way. The cosmological notions at the foundation of the I Ching became so intermingled with Taoist cosmology and Yinyangism over time that by the 16th century there was no meaningful distinction for most practitioners.Finally, in addition to these three core texts, scholars in the fourth and fifth centuries AD attempted to collate all major texts, commentaries, manuscripts, and apologies into a single collection. This work came to be known as the Tao Tsang, typically translated as “Treasury of Tao” or “Taoist Canon.” The Tao Tsang was collected and re-collected many times over the centuries, but scholars generally recognize four major Tao Tsangs. The first, compiled circa 400 AD, consisted of a bit more than a thousand scrolls and developed the tripartite division that would remain through future efforts. The second and third Tao Tsangs expanded the collection to nearly 5000 separate scrolls, and the fourth and final Tao Tsang of 1444 in the Ming Dynasty settled the compilation at just under 5300 works.The Tao Tsang (all four major compilations) divides its constituent works into three broad categories, typically termed “grottoes,” each of which is split into a dozen chapters. The three grottoes are concerned with meditation, rituals, and exorcisms, with meditation always considered the highest and most pure set of writings. When someone is working to be initiated as a Taoist master, the grotto of meditation includes the writings used in the final phase of training. Question 13The author asserts that the major difference between the Tao Te Ching and the Zhuangzi is that: A.the Zhuangzi attempts to show how to apply Taoist concepts in daily life by using short, abstract poems.B.the Tao Te Ching developed after the Zhuangzi as a distillation of the core concepts of Tao and Te expressed in the Zhuangzi.C.the Zhuangzi attempts to be more practical, both in its subject-matter and in its style.D.the Tao Te Ching requires its readers to have fully contemplated the works of the meditation grotto for full appreciation.

Kung, the Master, who is known in the West as ConfuciusAs introduced by the Chou dynasty in the 11th century BCE, he is the one Supreme God believed to control the destinies of all mankind.The first major interpreter of Confucianism, he lived approximately 100 years after the death of Confucius and emphasized the natural goodness of human beings, believing that the right environment would make it possible for all people to live virtuously.Title given to the founder of Taoism, it means “Old Master” or “Old Boy” or “Old Baby.”The second major interpreter of Confucius, he (1) emphasized more than Confucius had the role of li (rites, ceremonies) in organizing and educating people, and (2) denied the basic goodness of people, saying that people are inclined towards evil.

Taoists believe the ideal life includes living simply and in harmony with nature.TrueFalse

The following describes the concept of humans in Taoism exceptQuestion 15Select one:A.The concept of Wu Wei (not acting or non-action) is actions that are in line with natural nature.B.A human is believed to be a spirit-filled entity (atman - individual soul)C.Humans must be seen in the context of their relationship with the environment (mother nature).D.Respecting nature will achieve happiness in his life.

important person in chinese history