What is rheumatoid arthritis?Multiple ChoiceA condition in which ligaments break down, resulting in joints that become extremely loose.An inflammation of synchondrosis joints.A natural degeneration of joints due to old age.A condition in which the synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickened.

Rheumatoid arthritis is considered a(n) __ disease because it involves the body mistaking its own healthy cells for invaders and repeatedly attacking them.Group of answer choicesanti-immuneautoimmuneimmortalmortal

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic synovial (joint) inflammation.  RA immunopathogenesis involves LFA-1, a surface receptor found on leukocytes that is composed of an α-chain (CD11a) and a β-chain (CD18).  The binding of LFA-1 to ICAM-1, an adhesion protein on the surface of B cells and endothelial cells, stimulates the migration of leukocytes to specific areas of inflammation.  After successful LFA-1/ICAM-1 binding, CD18 is released into the plasma and synovial fluid (SF), where it exists in soluble form (sCD18).  The levels of sCD18 in SF can be used as a marker for inflammation in RA.CD18 release has been shown to increase in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the inflammatory response of RA.  In patients with newly diagnosed and untreated RA (eRA), leukocytes produce adequate quantities of LFA-1 and plasma sCD18 levels are unchanged (ie, elevated).  However, patients with chronic RA (cRA) experience dysregulation of LFA-1 synthesis and an increase in competition for ICAM-1 by other ligands.  Over time, this leads to a reduction in CD18 shedding and, as a result, a decrease in sCD18.Experiment 1An immunofluorescence assay was used to measure plasma sCD18 levels in patients with eRA and cRA, and in age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HC).Figure 1  Baseline sCD18 measurements  (Note:  50% of data points are below the median value; median = line inside the box.)Experiment 2Clinical assessments were performed in eRA patients to establish a baseline disease status.  eRA patients were assigned a disease activity score based on characteristics of 28 joints and levels of C-reactive protein (DAS28CRP).  This was followed by treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs.  DAS28CRP scores were calculated at 3-month intervals for 12 months, with lower scores indicating decreased RA severity (Figure 2).Figure 2  DAS28CRP scores in eRA patientsExperiment 3Heterogeneous populations of mononuclear cells were cultured from the synovial fluid (SFMC) and peripheral blood (PBMC) of eRA patients during an acute exacerbation of their symptoms.  sCD18 levels were measured in SFMCs and PBMCs that were untreated, treated with TNF, or treated with monoclonal antibodies targeting TNF (anti-TNF).Adapted from Kragstrup, T.W., Jalilian, B., Keller, K.K., Zhang, X., Laustsen, J.K., Stengaard-Pedersen, K., Hetland, M.L., Hørslev-Petersen, K., Junker, P., Østergaard, M., Hauge, E.M., Hvid, M., Vorup-Jensen, T., & Deleuran, B. (2016). Changes in Soluble CD18 in Murine Autoimmune Arthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis Reflect Disease Establishment and Treatment Response. PloS One, 11(2), e0148486. Question 4According to the passage, cells containing the LFA-1 complex on their cell membranes most likely originate in which of the following tissues?A.SpleenB.ThymusC.Bone marrowD.Lymph nodes

Provide a brief overview of rheumatoid arthritis, the care needs for individuals with such conditions, and the nurse’s role in the assessment and management of the care as they move between different services

Provide a brief overview rhuematiod arthritis, the care needs for individuals with such conditions, and the nurse’s role in the assessment and management of the care as they move between different services. it is crucial for you to actively expand your analysis to include additional individuals, going beyond the scope of the person with RA

Match the diagnosis with the appropriate description, etiology, signs and symptoms, or treatment.Group of answer choicesOsteomyelitisPaget disease (osteitis deformans)Rheumatoid arthritis