The states were formed mainly through the expansion of Agriculture that give rise to class differentiation. States arose independently in different places and at different times. Religious leaders such as shamans played prominent role in maintaining the social and religious affairs of their people during the initial formation of the states. Religious elites were gradually replaced by chiefs, who began collecting regular and compulsory tributes which amounted to protection payments with which they maintained themselves, their supporters chiefly the army, the bureaucracy and other followers. Geographical proximity to and control of the international water bodies like Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean along with their ports as well as rich interior favored some of them to become stronger than their neighbors and eventually dominated them. Ethiopia and the Horn is one of the regions in Africa where early state formation took place

What does the shift from religious elites to chiefs suggest about the development of states? a) Increased religious influence b) Greater political and administrative authority c) Expansion of cultural exchange d) Religious conflicts within states

STATES States are characterized by populations ranging from about 20,000 to several mil- lion, a subsistence based on agriculture, the presence of cities, a bureaucracy, monumental architecture, and armies. States also usually have a system of writing. One of the essential differences between chiefdoms and states is that in a state, the leader’s power is legitimized or at least supported by an army. In states, leadership can be either achieved or ascribed. The surplus created by agriculture is used to support not only artisans, crafts specialists, and armies, but also a bureaucracy, which is primarily responsible for carrying out the wishes of the leadership, includ- ing enforcing laws and collecting taxes. States invariably are associated with civi- lization. Archaeological indicators of states correlate with those of agriculturalists and civilizations. Evidence of a system of writing is perhaps the easiest way to dis- tinguish a state from a chiefdom, although it is understood that some states, such as the Inka, lacked writing. Monumental architecture, cities, unequal dis- tribution of resources, and domestic foods are other types of evidence that are commonly associated with states, but these characteristics are also common among chiefdoms.

Within early cities, the elite rose to power mostly because of their ability to do which of the following?create a division of labor between gendersuse their wealth to control and manage communal resourcesdevelop diplomatic relationships with other citiesacquire wealth through producing their own food and goodsdistributing surpluses equally among members of the community

Select all correct answers.How did elite groups maintain their power in complex societies?Patronized supporters of their interestsThey had leisure time to produce more childrenTook a percentage of resources as taxes or tributeMarried people from lower classes to decrease class animosity

How did the relationship ofgovernment to religion changeunder the rule of the SeljukTurks?