Passage 1 (Questions 1 - 5)Oral drug delivery systems are limited by the short gastrointestinal transit time, leading to low bioavailability. Drug delivery systems that are able to retain the dosage form in the stomach are needed. Research into floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) may satisfy this need.FDDS can be approached by either effervescent or non-effervescent techniques. Ideal effervescent techniques achieve floating duration times greater than 16 hours in the stomach. Effervescent FDDS incorporate gas-generating agents, which provide buoyancy. Newer research focuses on non-effervescent systems, where the swelling of polymers joined to the drug entraps air within the polymeric matrix, providing buoyancy to the dosage form.A study was performed on the antidiabetic drug sulfonylurea glipizide. The drug and one of three polymers were mixed in a mortar according to the ratios described in Table 1. A drop of water was added, and the mixture was kneaded until a homogeneous paste was obtained. The mixture was then placed in an oven at 50°C for 30 min to remove water. The compound was then compressed into tablets which served as the basis for drug release and buoyancy measurements.Table 1 The density of glipizide, the three polymers, and the drug to polymer ratio used in each trialTo test in vitro drug release of solid dispersions, the tablets were placed into dissolution vessels containing 900 mL of 0.1 M HCl. Dissolution studies were carried out for one hour, with samples withdrawn at predetermined intervals. Drug concentrations were assayed using HPLC methods. The dissolution experiments were carried out in triplicate, and the results are shown in Figure 1. In vitro buoyancy was also tested. Tablets were placed in a vessel containing 500 mL of 0.1 M HCl. The time taken for the tablet to rise to the surface of the dissolution media (floating lag time) and total duration that the tablet remained on the surface (total floating time) were recorded. Figure 1 Drug release as a function of time and pill compositionThe Ksp for glipizide-cyclodextrin in a chyme solution at 37º C was determined to be 5.8 x 10-4. Increased solubility of drug dispersions may be achieved by wetting. This can be accomplished by using hydrophilic polymers, or by decreasing the polymer size.(Note: all pills for the above trials have the same volume.)

AbsorptionDrug moves from site of administration into the blood, crossing at least one membrane (except if administered IV)To cross membranes, drugs must be in solution and lipid solubleInfluenced by..oRoute of administrationoDosage form – solution, tablet, suppository, etc.oSolubility of the drug – if lipid soluble, drugs cross membranes more easilyoOther factors – food in stomach, type of food in stomach; movement of drug through stomach and small intestine, pH of stomach/intestinal fluids, etc.First-pass effect – influences bioavailability of the drugBioavailability of the drug - “portion of a [drug] dose that reaches systemic circulation and is available to act on body cells

Name the three examples of osmotic drug delivery systems.

Two reasons for Delayed Release dosage forms are to protect the ________ and the _______. A. Drug and the patient’s liver B. Stomach and the intestines C. Drug and the manufacturer D. Stomach and the medicinal product

How would a pill that weighs 0.2 grams be expressed in micrograms? Question 12 options: 200 micrograms 200,000 micrograms 2,000 micrograms 20 micrograms Question 13 (5 points) Which process of pharmacokinetics is directly influenced by the fat solubility and the protein-binding ability of a drug? Question 13 options: Drug distribution Drug absorption Drug excretion Drug acidity Question 14 (5 points) Which of the following injection methods is usually conducted by a physician rather than a lab technician or medical assistant, since it's highly specialized? Question 14 options: An intramuscular injection A subcutaneous injection An intraveneous injection An intraspinal injection Question 15 (5 points) Which type of doctor is most likely to prescribe medications used to treat glaucoma and eye infections? Question 15 options: Neurologist Rheumatologist Ophthalmologist Obstetrician Question 16 (5 points) Which medical professional is most likely to prescribe medicine to help with arthritis and joint inflammation? Question 16 options: Rheumatologist Ophthalmologist Dermatologist Endocrinologist Question 17 (5 points) Which of the following is OSHA responsible for? Question 17 options: Establishing proper disposal techniques for equipment that has come into contact with bodily fluids Deciding what drugs may be sold and under what legal restrictions Regulating the manufacture and sale of dangerous drugs, such as narcotics Limiting the sharing of sensitive medical information with other people Question 18 (5 points) All other things equal, which factor would likely necessitate an increase in dosage for the drug to be effective? Question 18 options: The patient is very young. The patient is elderly. The patient is female. The patient is obese. Question 19 (5 points) By double-checking and confirming that a particular drug must be administered subcutaneously, which of the "Seven Rights of Medication Administration" are you ensuring? Question 19 options: Right technique Right route Right dose Right drug Question 20 (5 points) What does the abbreviation "Sig" mean on a prescription? Question 20 options: It indicates that a patient signature is required to acknowledge possible side effects. It indicates the dosage of the medicine to be dispensed. It indicates the directions for the patient to take the medicine. It indicates the quantity of tablets to be dispensed.

What dosage form meets the following description? A liquid preparation that contains immiscible or undissolved API distributed throughout a carrier. A. transdermal B. solution C. suppository D. disperse system