How is the optimal number of clusters determined in hierarchical clustering?*1 pointBy minimizing the between-cluster sum of squaresBy maximizing the within-cluster sum of squaresBy examining the dendrogram and selecting an appropriate cut-off pointBy using the elbow method on the resulting tree structure

In agglomerative hierarchical clustering, what does the algorithm begin with?1 pointEach data point in a separate clusterAll data points in one clusterA predefined number of clustersThe optimal number of clusters

Which of the following is NOT a common method used in hierarchical clustering? Single linkage Complete linkage Average linkage K-means linkage1 pointIn K-means clustering, how is the number of clusters (K) typically determined? It is always set to 5 by default By minimizing the within-cluster sum of squares. Using methods like the elbow method or silhouette analysis. None of these1 pointWhat is the primary purpose of Discriminant Analysis (DA)? To find the mean of multiple groups of observations. To separate two or more groups of observations based on selected variables. To find the correlation between two variables. To determine the standard deviation of a single group of observations.1 pointWhich statement about Discriminant Analysis (DA) is TRUE? DA is used when the groups are defined after the study. The end result of DA is a model for predicting the mean of the selected variables. DA works by finding one or more linear combinations of the selected variables. DA is primarily used to find the correlation between two groups.1 pointWhich of the following best describes the function of Discriminant Analysis (DA) when predicting or allocating new observations? It uses a nonlinear function to assign each individual to a predefined group. It relies solely on the mean of the selected variables for group assignment. It uses either a linear or quadratic function to assign each individual to one of the predefined groups. It randomly assigns each individual to a predefined group based on probability.1 pointWhich of the following best describes the primary function of Discriminant Analysis (DA)? To predict the mean of multiple groups of observations. To divide two or more groups of observations based on measured variables. To correlate multiple groups of observations. To determine the standard deviation of a single group of observations.1 pointWhich type of Discriminant Analysis does NOT assume that the classes have equal covariance? Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA) Both LDA and QDA Neither LDA nor QDA1 pointWhich of the following is a challenge faced by researchers when collecting primary data in rural areas? Villagers always prefer online surveys. Rural people are often suspicious of urban folk with questionnaires. Villagers always prefer one-to-one interviews. Rural areas always have a large number of respondents.1 pointIn rural market research, which of the following is NOT a reason for conducting consumer research? Identifying potential customers and segments. Finding motivation to use products. Predicting global stock market trends. Developing marketing strategy.1 pointWhat is a crucial first step before starting the data collection process in international market research? Analyzing the data Reporting the findings. Defining your objectives. Choosing your methods.

In hierarchical clustering, what does the 'ward' linkage criterion aim to minimise?Number of clustersTotal within-cluster varianceMaximum distance between clustersSum of squared distances from each point to the nearest cluster centroid

he method / metric which is NOT useful to determine the optimal number of clusters in unsupervised clustering algorithms is Scatter plot Elbow method Dendrogram None of the above

What is a key characteristic of hierarchical clustering?Answer areaIt requires the number of clusters to be specified in advanceIt can be visualized using a dendrogramIt is a partitional clustering methodIt is always faster than K-Means