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Consider a consumer whose preferences are defined over bundles of non-negative consumption quantities for each of two commodities: Widgets anda composite consumption commodity known as “All Other Goods”. Thisconsumer’s preferences are both rational and locally non-satiated. Denote2the price of Widgets by p1, the consumption of Widgets by q1, the price of“All Other Goods” by p2, the consumption of “All Other Goods” by q2, andthe consumer’s income by y. Use the composite consumption commodity(that is, “All Other Goods”) as the numeraire throughout this question. (Inother words, assume that p2 = $1 throughout this question. Note that thisassumption allows you to interpret the amount of “All Other Goods” con-sumption as expenditure on “All Other Goods”, because q2 = 1q2 = p2q2.)Suppose that this consumer’s uncompensated demand function for Wid-gets is given byq1 (p1, y; p2 = 1) = (0.02) y − (2) p1.(Uncompensated demands are also known as Marshallian demands, or Wal-rasian demands, or ordinary demands.) Initially, this consumer has an in-come of $6, 500 and faces a Widget price of $50 per Widget. Following aneconomic shock, the Widget price rises to $60 per widget. This economicshock has no impact whatsoever on either this consumer’s income or the“All Other Goods” price.1. Illustrate the total impact of the economic shock on this consumer’soptimal consumption decision using an “indifference curve / budgetline” diagram. (Assume that the consumer’s indifference curves havethe conventional “downward sloping and bowed-in towards the ori-gin” shape.) Make sure that you indicate the various numerical valuesof the intercepts of the budget lines with the axes, along with the nu-merical values of the pre-shock and post-shock optimal consumptionbundles.2. Illustrate the revealed preference approximation of the Slutsky de-composition of the total effect of the economic shock on this con-sumer in an “indifference curve / budget line” diagram, using the“pre-shock consumption bundle, post-shock prices” approach to thisdecomposition. (Assume that the consumer’s indifference curves havethe conventional “downward sloping and bowed-in towards the origin”shape.) Be sure to identify the numerical values of each commodityin all of the relevant consumption bundles for this decomposition, themovement between bundles that constitutes the substitution effect,the movement between bundles that constitutes the income effect, thesize (including both magnitude and sign) of the substitution effect interms of widgets, and the size (including both magnitude and sign)of the income effect in terms of widgets.3. Does the revealed preference approximation to the substitution effectthat you found in part 3 of this question overstate, exactly equal, or3understate the true (or Hicksian) substitution effect that it is approx-imating? Does the revealed preference approximation to the incomeeffect that you found in part 3 of this question overstate, exactlyequal, or understate the true (or Hicksian) income effect that it isapproximating? Justify your answers.

Question

Consider a consumer whose preferences are defined over bundles of non-negative consumption quantities for each of two commodities: Widgets anda composite consumption commodity known as “All Other Goods”. Thisconsumer’s preferences are both rational and locally non-satiated. Denote2the price of Widgets by p1, the consumption of Widgets by q1, the price of“All Other Goods” by p2, the consumption of “All Other Goods” by q2, andthe consumer’s income by y. Use the composite consumption commodity(that is, “All Other Goods”) as the numeraire throughout this question. (Inother words, assume that p2 = 1throughoutthisquestion.NotethatthisassumptionallowsyoutointerprettheamountofAllOtherGoodsconsumptionasexpenditureonAllOtherGoods,becauseq2=1q2=p2q2.)SupposethatthisconsumersuncompensateddemandfunctionforWidgetsisgivenbyq1(p1,y;p2=1)=(0.02)y(2)p1.(UncompensateddemandsarealsoknownasMarshalliandemands,orWalrasiandemands,orordinarydemands.)Initially,thisconsumerhasanincomeof1 throughout this question. Note that thisassumption allows you to interpret the amount of “All Other Goods” con-sumption as expenditure on “All Other Goods”, because q2 = 1q2 = p2q2.)Suppose that this consumer’s uncompensated demand function for Wid-gets is given byq1 (p1, y; p2 = 1) = (0.02) y − (2) p1.(Uncompensated demands are also known as Marshallian demands, or Wal-rasian demands, or ordinary demands.) Initially, this consumer has an in-come of 6, 500 and faces a Widget price of 50perWidget.Followinganeconomicshock,theWidgetpricerisesto50 per Widget. Following aneconomic shock, the Widget price rises to 60 per widget. This economicshock has no impact whatsoever on either this consumer’s income or the“All Other Goods” price.1. Illustrate the total impact of the economic shock on this consumer’soptimal consumption decision using an “indifference curve / budgetline” diagram. (Assume that the consumer’s indifference curves havethe conventional “downward sloping and bowed-in towards the ori-gin” shape.) Make sure that you indicate the various numerical valuesof the intercepts of the budget lines with the axes, along with the nu-merical values of the pre-shock and post-shock optimal consumptionbundles.2. Illustrate the revealed preference approximation of the Slutsky de-composition of the total effect of the economic shock on this con-sumer in an “indifference curve / budget line” diagram, using the“pre-shock consumption bundle, post-shock prices” approach to thisdecomposition. (Assume that the consumer’s indifference curves havethe conventional “downward sloping and bowed-in towards the origin”shape.) Be sure to identify the numerical values of each commodityin all of the relevant consumption bundles for this decomposition, themovement between bundles that constitutes the substitution effect,the movement between bundles that constitutes the income effect, thesize (including both magnitude and sign) of the substitution effect interms of widgets, and the size (including both magnitude and sign)of the income effect in terms of widgets.3. Does the revealed preference approximation to the substitution effectthat you found in part 3 of this question overstate, exactly equal, or3understate the true (or Hicksian) substitution effect that it is approx-imating? Does the revealed preference approximation to the incomeeffect that you found in part 3 of this question overstate, exactlyequal, or understate the true (or Hicksian) income effect that it isapproximating? Justify your answers.

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Solution

这个问题涉及到的是消费者的选择理论,特别是价格变动对消费者选择的影响。我们需要使用预算线和无差异曲线的图形来解释这个问题。首先,我们需要理解这个消费者的需求函数,这个函数告诉我们消费者在给定的价格和收入下会购买多少数量的商品。

  1. 在经济冲击前,消费者的收入是6500,小部件的价格是6500,小部件的价格是50。根据需求函数,我们可以计算出消费者会购买多少数量的小部件。当价格上升到$60时,消费者会购买更少的小部件。这个变化可以在预算线和无差异曲线的图形中表示出来。预算线的截距会变化,因为消费者现在能够购买的小部件数量减少了。无差异曲线也会移动,因为消费者现在的满足程度降低了。

  2. Slutsky分解是一种分析价格变动影响的方法。它将价格变动的影响分解为替代效应和收入效应。替代效应是由于价格变动导致消费者从相对价格较高的商品转向相对价格较低的商品。收入效应是由于价格变动导致消费者的购买力变化。在这个问题中,我们需要使用“冲击前的消费组合,冲击后的价格”方法来进行Slutsky分解。这需要在预算线和无差异曲线的图形中表示出来。

  3. 揭示偏好近似法是一种估计替代效应和收入效应的方法。它假设消费者的行为反映了他们的偏好。在这个问题中,我们需要判断揭示偏好近似法得出的替代效应和收入效应是否准确。这需要对消费者的行为进行深入的理解和分析。

这个问题需要对消费者理论有深入的理解,特别是价格变动对消费者选择的影响。同时,也需要能够使用预算线和无差异曲线的图形来解释这些理论。

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