Which of the following is an ethical issue of using autonomous AI weapons for physical warfare?Group of answer choicesThey would likely engage in war crimes because it is still challenging to put human morals into AI.They, like any AI available nowadays, may make poor decisions, e.g., due to bias in the training data.They may be hacked by the enemies and have the weapons redirected towards friendly forces.They may become sentient one day, and decide not to follow the instructions given to it by humans.

Rate this essayAI is not eligible for making lethal decisions, therefore, we should prohibit autonomous weapon systems.To begin with, AI technology is not capable of considering various aspects and subtle differences when facing ambiguous situations and replacing human beings to make the decision. It is undeniable to state that the technology has progressed rapidly in especially the past decades, nevertheless, development of technology has only reached to the point of weak AI which is referred to as artificial intelligence can only master and solve problems in the specific domain. For example, AlphaGo might be able to beat humans on board games, however, it does not have the capacity to compete with humans in any other aspects. This same issue would be also unavoidable in terms of programming autonomous weapon systems. According to Asaro, the autonomous weapon system would not only require to properly respond to unexpected incidents like environmental hazards, cyber attacks and malfunctions under the war setting; but also need to take the holistic contextual information and common sense into account (2012). Only if the system can qualify in all these aspects, in order to perform like a real human being to make the legitimate decision. Nevertheless, weak AI does not have the ability to master all these aspects when facing ambiguous situations in a real war setting. Therefore, the autonomous weapon system is not eligible to replace human beings in the process of making lethal decisions.Moreover, there is an inevitable ethical issue in terms of autonomous weapon systems. As proven by history, warfare would always accompany the death and wound of countless human lives. As for the events of atrocity and tragedy during the war, the commander would usually have to take the responsibility for committing the war crime. However, the essential issue is who should be accounted to take the responsibility if the autonomous weapon system makes an unintended decision resulting in the death of numerous people. As the question raised by the US office of the Secretary of Defense, the most essential challenge is to develop an autonomous weapon that fails safely. If the accountability of conduct by the autonomous weapon can not be explicitly defined, it may increase the likelihood of misusing of autonomous weapons due to the lack of perceived statutory consequences. Therefore, it is not legitimate to count on AI to make lethal decisions. On the other hand, the autonomous weapon system should not be completely banned since it would help to alleviate the guilt of the commanders and soldiers. According to prior warfare experience, a majority of people who had participated in the war in some way would experience mental suffering in general. This is even more the case when it comes to soldiers and commanders who had directly conducted this bloody tragedy. As a result, they had to undergo long-term guilt and moral condemnation, some of them even suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for the rest of their lives. Autonomous weapon system would likely help to alleviate these mental burdens of soldiers and commanders, since the perceived responsibility of making the conducts has been shifted to the AI system instead of individual person. More specifically, commanders would be more detached from the process of making lethal decisions, soldiers would also be able to justify their merciless behaviors of killing others by interpreting that they are merely following the order from the system instead of for their own seek. Therefore, it is plausible to argue that the autonomous weapon system would help to relieve soldiers and commanders from the trauma of the war.

Which of the following is a principle of ethics that one should aim to follow when developing an AI?Group of answer choicesAI should not allow users to ask for other people’s private information.AI should not be made available to those who are known to participate in criminal activities.AI should ignore bias against gender and race during hiring processes.AI should not involve or result in unfair discrimination against individuals or groups.

What is AI ethics?  1 pointHow and why an AI system arrived at a particular outcome or recommendation  How to build and use AI in ways that align with human ethics and expectations A multidisciplinary field that investigates how to maximize AI’s beneficial impacts while reducing risks and adverse impacts  An organization’s act of governing AI through its corporate instructions, staff, processes, and systems

Which of the following is a moral dilemma that needs to be solved eventually when developing autonomous vehicles?Group of answer choicesWhen an accident is about to happen, should the AI save the pedestrians while allowing the driver to be killed?When the bright sunshine irritates the passengers, should the AI take a detour to avoid it to make the passengers more comfortable?When the car loses control on a quiet road, should the AI steer the car into the fences or into the sea?When there is a large rock in the way, should the AI stop the vehicle immediately or just hit the rock?

Which system of ethical principles applies to the use of AI in healthcare?