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We have seen that the one-dimensional wave equation has lots of possible solutions. In fact there is a whole vector subspace of solutions (you may like to prove this). We can narrow down the range of possible solutions by adding extra conditions that the function must satisfy. These are usually called initial conditions. For example, suppose that u(x,t)𝑢(𝑥,𝑡) satisfies the one-dimensional wave equation:∂2u∂t2−c2∂2u∂x2=0∂2𝑢∂𝑡2−𝑐2∂2𝑢∂𝑥2=0 .In addition, suppose u(x,t)𝑢(𝑥,𝑡) satisfies the initial conditions:u(x,0)=f(x)𝑢(𝑥,0)=𝑓(𝑥) and ∂u∂t(x,0)=g(x)∂𝑢∂𝑡(𝑥,0)=𝑔(𝑥) .In 1746, Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert discovered that there is only one possible solution which satisfies these conditions:u(x,t)=12(f(x−ct)+f(x+ct))+12c∫x−ctx+ctg(s)ds.𝑢(𝑥,𝑡)=12(𝑓(𝑥−𝑐𝑡)+𝑓(𝑥+𝑐𝑡))+12𝑐∫𝑥−𝑐𝑡𝑥+𝑐𝑡𝑔(𝑠)𝑑𝑠.  Jean-Baptise le Rond d'Alembert (1717 -1783)For example, if we have the wave equation with c=1𝑐=1 :∂2u∂t2−∂2u∂x2=0∂2𝑢∂𝑡2−∂2𝑢∂𝑥2=0 and initial conditions f(x)=sin(x)𝑓(𝑥)=sin⁡(𝑥) and g(x)=cos(x)𝑔(𝑥)=cos⁡(𝑥) then∫x−ctx+ctg(s)ds=∫x−tx+tcos(s)ds=∫𝑥−𝑐𝑡𝑥+𝑐𝑡𝑔(𝑠)𝑑𝑠=∫𝑥−𝑡𝑥+𝑡cos⁡(𝑠)𝑑𝑠=     .So by d'Alembert's formula, the solution isu(x,t)=𝑢(𝑥,𝑡)=     .

Question

We have seen that the one-dimensional wave equation has lots of possible solutions. In fact there is a whole vector subspace of solutions (you may like to prove this). We can narrow down the range of possible solutions by adding extra conditions that the function must satisfy. These are usually called initial conditions. For example, suppose that u(x,t)𝑢(𝑥,𝑡) satisfies the one-dimensional wave equation:∂2u∂t2−c2∂2u∂x2=0∂2𝑢∂𝑡2−𝑐2∂2𝑢∂𝑥2=0 .In addition, suppose u(x,t)𝑢(𝑥,𝑡) satisfies the initial conditions:u(x,0)=f(x)𝑢(𝑥,0)=𝑓(𝑥) and ∂u∂t(x,0)=g(x)∂𝑢∂𝑡(𝑥,0)=𝑔(𝑥) .In 1746, Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert discovered that there is only one possible solution which satisfies these conditions:u(x,t)=12(f(x−ct)+f(x+ct))+12c∫x−ctx+ctg(s)ds.𝑢(𝑥,𝑡)=12(𝑓(𝑥−𝑐𝑡)+𝑓(𝑥+𝑐𝑡))+12𝑐∫𝑥−𝑐𝑡𝑥+𝑐𝑡𝑔(𝑠)𝑑𝑠.  Jean-Baptise le Rond d'Alembert (1717 -1783)For example, if we have the wave equation with c=1𝑐=1 :∂2u∂t2−∂2u∂x2=0∂2𝑢∂𝑡2−∂2𝑢∂𝑥2=0 and initial conditions f(x)=sin(x)𝑓(𝑥)=sin⁡(𝑥) and g(x)=cos(x)𝑔(𝑥)=cos⁡(𝑥) then∫x−ctx+ctg(s)ds=∫x−tx+tcos(s)ds=∫𝑥−𝑐𝑡𝑥+𝑐𝑡𝑔(𝑠)𝑑𝑠=∫𝑥−𝑡𝑥+𝑡cos⁡(𝑠)𝑑𝑠=     .So by d'Alembert's formula, the solution isu(x,t)=𝑢(𝑥,𝑡)=     .

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Solution

Para resolver el problema, sigamos los pasos detalladamente:

  1. Identificar la ecuación de onda y las condiciones iniciales: La ecuación de onda unidimensional es: 2ut2c22ux2=0 \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial t^2} - c^2 \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2} = 0 con las condiciones iniciales: u(x,0)=f(x)yut(x,0)=g(x) u(x,0) = f(x) \quad \text{y} \quad \frac{\partial u}{\partial t}(x,0) = g(x)

  2. Aplicar la fórmula de d'Alembert: Según d'Alembert, la solución general para la ecuación de onda con las condiciones iniciales dadas es: u(x,t)=12(f(xct)+f(x+ct))+12cxctx+ctg(s)ds u(x,t) = \frac{1}{2} \left( f(x-ct) + f(x+ct) \right) + \frac{1}{2c} \int_{x-ct}^{x+ct} g(s) \, ds

  3. Sustituir los valores específicos de c c , f(x) f(x) y g(x) g(x) : En este caso, c=1 c = 1 , f(x)=sin(x) f(x) = \sin(x) y g(x)=cos(x) g(x) = \cos(x) . Por lo tanto, la ecuación de onda se simplifica a: 2ut22ux2=0 \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial t^2} - \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2} = 0

  4. Calcular la integral: Necesitamos calcular la integral: xtx+tcos(s)ds \int_{x-t}^{x+t} \cos(s) \, ds Para resolver esta integral, usamos la antiderivada de cos(s)\cos(s), que es sin(s)\sin(s): xtx+tcos(s)ds=[sin(s)]xtx+t=sin(x+t)sin(xt) \int_{x-t}^{x+t} \cos(s) \, ds = \left[ \sin(s) \right]_{x-t}^{x+t} = \sin(x+t) - \sin(x-t)

  5. Sustituir los resultados en la fórmula de d'Alembert: Ahora sustituimos f(x)=sin(x) f(x) = \sin(x) y la integral calculada en la fórmula de d'Alembert: u(x,t)=12(sin(xt)+sin(x+t))+12(sin(x+t)sin(xt)) u(x,t) = \frac{1}{2} \left( \sin(x-t) + \sin(x+t) \right) + \frac{1}{2} \left( \sin(x+t) - \sin(x-t) \right)

  6. Simplificar la expresión: Simplificamos la expresión combinando términos semejantes: u(x,t)=12sin(xt)+12sin(x+t)+12sin(x+t)12sin(xt) u(x,t) = \frac{1}{2} \sin(x-t) + \frac{1}{2} \sin(x+t) + \frac{1}{2} \sin(x+t) - \frac{1}{2} \sin(x-t) u(x,t)=sin(x+t) u(x,t) = \sin(x+t)

Por lo tanto, la solución de la ecuación de onda con las condiciones iniciales dadas es: u(x,t)=sin(x+t) u(x,t) = \sin(x+t)

This problem has been solved

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