The density of a substance is calculated by:

To calculate the density of a substance, you need to follow these steps:

1. Determine the mass of the substance: Use a balance or scale to measure the mass of the substance in grams (g). Make sure to record the accurate mass.

2. Measure the volume of the substance: The volume can be measured using different methods depending on the shape of the substance. For regular-shaped objects, you can use a ruler or calipers to measure the length, width, and height, and then calculate the volume using the appropriate formula. For irregular-shaped objects, you can use the displacement method by placing the object in a graduated cylinder filled with a liquid (such as water) and measuring the change in volume.

3. Calculate the density: Once you have the mass and volume of the substance, you can calculate the density using the formula: Density = Mass / Volume. Make sure to use the appropriate units for mass (grams) and volume (cubic centimeters or milliliters).

4. Record the density: The density of the substance will be expressed in units of mass per unit volume, such as grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³) or grams per milliliter (g/mL).

Remember, density is an intensive property, meaning it does not depend on the amount of substance present. It can be used to identify substances and compare their properties.