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The kinetic energy of a object with mass m𝑚 (kilograms) and velocity v𝑣 (metres per second) is given byK=12mv2.𝐾=12𝑚𝑣2.  Suppose you drop an orange, wherethe orange has a mass of m=1/6𝑚=1/6   kilograms,the acceleration due to gravity is dvdt=−9.8𝑑𝑣𝑑𝑡=−9.8   metres per second per second. By the chain rule, the change in kinetic energy with respect to time is a function of v𝑣 : dKdt=𝑑𝐾𝑑𝑡=     .When the velocity is 44 metres per second, the rate of change in kinetic energy isdKdt∣∣v=4=𝑑𝐾𝑑𝑡|𝑣=4=   .

Question

The kinetic energy of a object with mass m𝑚 (kilograms) and velocity v𝑣 (metres per second) is given byK=12mv2.𝐾=12𝑚𝑣2.  Suppose you drop an orange, wherethe orange has a mass of m=1/6𝑚=1/6   kilograms,the acceleration due to gravity is dvdt=−9.8𝑑𝑣𝑑𝑡=−9.8   metres per second per second. By the chain rule, the change in kinetic energy with respect to time is a function of v𝑣 : dKdt=𝑑𝐾𝑑𝑡=     .When the velocity is 44 metres per second, the rate of change in kinetic energy isdKdt∣∣v=4=𝑑𝐾𝑑𝑡|𝑣=4=   .

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Solution

Para resolver el problema, sigamos los siguientes pasos:

  1. Expresión de la energía cinética: La energía cinética K K de un objeto con masa m m y velocidad v v está dada por: K=12mv2 K = \frac{1}{2}mv^2

  2. Derivada de la energía cinética con respecto al tiempo: Usamos la regla de la cadena para encontrar la derivada de K K con respecto al tiempo t t : dKdt=ddt(12mv2) \frac{dK}{dt} = \frac{d}{dt} \left( \frac{1}{2}mv^2 \right) Como m m es constante, podemos sacarla fuera de la derivada: dKdt=12mddt(v2) \frac{dK}{dt} = \frac{1}{2}m \frac{d}{dt} (v^2) Aplicamos la regla de la cadena a v2 v^2 : ddt(v2)=2vdvdt \frac{d}{dt} (v^2) = 2v \frac{dv}{dt} Sustituimos esto en la expresión anterior: dKdt=12m2vdvdt=mvdvdt \frac{dK}{dt} = \frac{1}{2}m \cdot 2v \frac{dv}{dt} = mv \frac{dv}{dt}

  3. Sustitución de valores: Dado que la aceleración debida a la gravedad es dvdt=9.8 \frac{dv}{dt} = -9.8 metros por segundo al cuadrado y la masa del objeto es m=16 m = \frac{1}{6} kilogramos, sustituimos estos valores en la expresión: dKdt=(16)v(9.8) \frac{dK}{dt} = \left( \frac{1}{6} \right) v (-9.8) Simplificamos: dKdt=9.86v \frac{dK}{dt} = -\frac{9.8}{6} v

  4. Evaluación en v=4 v = 4 metros por segundo: Sustituimos v=4 v = 4 en la expresión: dKdtv=4=9.864 \frac{dK}{dt} \bigg|_{v=4} = -\frac{9.8}{6} \cdot 4 Calculamos el valor numérico: dKdtv=4=39.26=6.5333(aproximadamente) \frac{dK}{dt} \bigg|_{v=4} = -\frac{39.2}{6} = -6.5333 \, \text{(aproximadamente)}

Por lo tanto, cuando la velocidad es 4 4 metros por segundo, la tasa de cambio de la energía cinética es aproximadamente 6.5333 -6.5333 julios por segundo.

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